Measles, a disease once thought to be eliminated in the U.S., is making a comeback. Texas is currently experiencing a growing outbreak, with over 100 confirmed cases, primarily in unvaccinated children. Because measles is highly contagious, understanding how it spreads, recognizing symptoms early, and taking preventive steps are necessary for protecting your family.
While many people recover from measles without complications, the virus can cause serious illness—especially in young children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems. In some cases, it can lead to pneumonia, brain swelling, and even death. With rising case numbers, Texas families need accurate, evidence-based information on how to stay safe.
What Is Measles and How Does It Spread?
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or even breathes. The virus can linger in the air for up to two hours, meaning people can become infected even after an infected person has left a room.
Because measles spreads so easily, even brief exposure can result in infection. If one person has measles, up to 90% of unvaccinated people nearby will also become infected. The virus can also survive on surfaces for several hours, and touching a contaminated object before touching your face can lead to infection.
Who Is Most at Risk?
Anyone who is not immune—either through vaccination or previous infection—can contract measles. However, certain groups are at higher risk of severe illness and complications, including:
- Children under five years old
- Pregnant women
- Individuals with weakened immune systems (like those undergoing cancer treatment or with chronic illnesses)
Measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2000, but outbreaks still occur when vaccination rates decline. The current Texas outbreak is a reminder that even a small drop in immunization coverage can allow the virus to spread rapidly, putting entire communities at risk.
Measles symptoms don’t appear right away. After exposure, the virus incubates in the body for about 7 to 14 days before the first signs of illness begin. The disease progresses in stages, starting with mild cold-like symptoms before more distinct signs develop.
Early Symptoms (Days 1–4):
At first, measles can look like a typical viral infection. Common early symptoms include:
- High fever (often above 101°F, sometimes spiking to 104°F or higher)
- Runny nose and persistent cough
- Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
- Fatigue and loss of appetite
These symptoms can be mistaken for the flu or a common cold, which is why early diagnosis is important—especially during an outbreak.
Distinctive Measles Symptoms (Days 3–7):
As the illness progresses, more recognizable symptoms begin to appear:
- Koplik spots – Small, white spots inside the mouth, often appearing b
- Measles rash – Starts as flat, red spots on the face and quickly spreads downward to the chest, arms, and legs
- Worsening fever – Can spike as the rash develops
The measles rash usually lasts 5 to 6 days before fading in the same order it appeared. However, the person remains contagious four days before and four days after the rash appears.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Most measles cases resolve on their own with rest, hydration, and fever management. However, some cases can become serious. Seek immediate medical care if your child experiences:
- Difficulty breathing or wheezing
- A fever higher than 104°F that does not respond to medication
- Severe dehydration (dry mouth, no urination, extreme fatigue)
- Seizures, confusion, or loss of consciousness
Early medical intervention can help manage symptoms and prevent complications, especially in young children.
Why Measles Can Be Dangerous
While measles is often thought of as a childhood illness, it can lead to serious complications. In some cases it can affect organs and weaken the immune system, making individuals more vulnerable to other infections.
Potential Complications of Measles
- Pneumonia – The leading cause of measles-related death, especially in young children.
- Encephalitis (brain swelling) – Can result in seizures, brain damage, and long-term disabilities.
- Severe dehydration – Due to prolonged fever, vomiting, or diarrhea.
- Pregnancy complications – Measles increases the risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight.
Long-Term Effects of Measles
Beyond the immediate illness, measles has a long-term impact on the immune system. Studies have shown that measles can cause “immune amnesia,” where the body forgets how to fight off other infections, increasing the risk of illness for months or even years after recovery.
The best way to prevent these complications is through vaccination and early medical care when needed.
Prevention – The Role of Vaccination
Measles spreads so easily that outbreaks can happen quickly, but the good news is that it is preventable. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been used for decades and remains the most effective defense.
How Effective Is the MMR Vaccine?
- One dose provides about 93% protection against measles.
- Two doses increase protection to 97%, making it highly effective.
In vaccinated individuals who do contract measles, symptoms are usually milder, and complications are less common.
Who Should Get Vaccinated?
The CDC recommends the following vaccination schedule to protect against measles:
Infants and Young Children
- First dose: 12–15 months old
- Second dose: 4–6 years old
Unvaccinated Adults
- Anyone born after 1957 who has not had measles or has not been vaccinated should receive at least one dose of the MMR vaccine.
High-Risk Groups
Some individuals are at greater risk of exposure and may need two doses, including:
- Healthcare workers
- International travelers
- College students
- People living in outbreak-affected areas
Infants Traveling to High-Risk Areas
- Babies 6–11 months old can receive an early MMR vaccine before international travel. However, they will still need the two standard doses later for full immunity.
The CDC considers two doses of the MMR vaccine 97% effective at preventing measles and highly recommends vaccination for all eligible individuals.
What If Someone Can’t Get Vaccinated?
Some individuals—such as those with severe immune system disorders—can’t receive the vaccine. This is why community-wide vaccination is so important. When enough people are vaccinated, the virus has fewer opportunities to spread, protecting those who are most vulnerable.
What to Do If You Think Your Child Has Measles
If you suspect measles, take the following steps:
- Keep your child home to avoid spreading the virus.
- Ensure they stay hydrated and manage fever with doctor-approved medications.
- Call ahead before visiting a medical facility to prevent exposing others.
Protecting Your Family and Community
Measles is highly contagious but preventable. Vaccination remains the most effective way to protect against infection and prevent future outbreaks. Recognizing symptoms early, following public health guidelines, and staying up-to-date with immunizations help protect both your family and the community.
If you or your child may have been exposed to measles, limit contact with others, monitor symptoms, and seek medical advice if needed. Call ahead before visiting a healthcare facility to reduce the risk of spreading the virus.
The Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) currently provides regular updates on outbreak cases every Tuesday and Friday on its News & Alerts page. Checking these updates can help families stay informed about the latest developments in their area.
By staying informed, taking preventive measures, and encouraging widespread vaccination, Texas families can work together to reduce the spread of measles and protect their communities.